The accommodative reflex is the primary reflex that involves focussing the eyes on near objects. This reflex involves synkinesis of the accommodation-convergence reflex comprised of convergence of both eyes, constriction of the ciliary reflex as well as pupillary constriction. With the transition of man’s visual needs from 3-dimensional distance visual requirements to 2-dimensional near visual requirements involving reading and computer-based tasks, the accommodative convergence has been placed under a great deal of visual stress. The autonomic nervous system forms a component of the peripheral nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of involuntary physiological processes and extends its control into vision where it plays a critical role in the regulation of the accommodative–convergence reflex. The balance between the cholinergic (parasympathetic) and adrenergic (sympathetic) divisions maintains homeostatic balance between stimulation as well as inhibition of this critical reflex. Over the counter medications are used by patients to relieve symptoms from various conditions. It must be noted that these over-the-counter medications have the same active ingredients as prescription medications and are assumed to have lower toxicity levels due to lower dosages of these active ingredients. Optometrists needs to play a proactive role as primary eye care professionals in understanding the effects of medications affecting accommodation and more specifically the autonomic nervous system. The goal of this presentation is review over the counter medications affecting the homeostatic balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic balance of the accommodative-convergence reflex.
- Date: May 17th, 2025
- Time: 17:30 – 18:00
- Location: Linhart Hall
About Dharmendra J Bhoola
Dharmendra J Bhoola completed a BSc degree at the University of Durban-Westville (South Africa), with majors in Human Physiology and Microbiology (1990) before entering the Bachelor of Optometry program. He received the student merit award for hist contribution to student research upon graduation (1994). He then entered the Masters in Vision Science program at the University of Waterloo (Canada) where his research interests were neurology of binocular vision which he completed in 2000. He is an active member of ARVO (Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology), NORA (Neuro Optometric Rehabilitation Association), COVD (College of Optometrists in Vision Development) with whom he completes his continuing professional development. He also completes continuing education with the American Academy of Optometry. He has a special interest in binocular vision anomalies, concussion, balance and vertigo and sports related injuries in addition to primary care optometry. He offers these specialized neuro optometric services through his behavioural optometry practice located in Fourways, Sandton, Johannesburg,
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Linhart Hall
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Dharmendra Bhoola
